:: Kingdom of Asturias ::

The Kingdom of Asturias was a medieval Christian kingdom located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It played a crucial role in the early stages of the Reconquista, the centuries-long series of military campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from Muslim rule.

:: Emirate of Córdoba ::

The Emirate of Córdoba was a medieval Muslim state that existed in the Iberian Peninsula from 756 to 929 AD. It emerged after the establishment of Muslim rule in Spain and played a significant role in the history of Al-Andalus, the Muslim-ruled territories in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Emirate of Córdoba is often remembered for its relatively tolerant approach to religious diversity. Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted in the region, and the city of Córdoba itself became a symbol of this convivencia (coexistence).

The most famous architectural achievement of the Emirate of Córdoba was the Great Mosque of Córdoba (Mezquita), which started construction in the 8th century and became a symbol of the emirate's religious and cultural significance. It remains one of the most important examples of Islamic architecture in the world.

:: Duchy of Benevento ::

The Duchy of Benevento was a medieval Lombard state in southern Italy, established after the Lombards conquered the region in the 6th century. It played an important role in the political and military history of Italy during the early Middle Ages, particularly in relation to the Byzantine Empire, the Papacy, and other Lombard and Frankish realms.

:: Kingdom of the Avars ::

The Kingdom of the Avars was a significant nomadic state in Central and Eastern Europe during the early Middle Ages. The Avars were a Turkic-speaking nomadic people who established a powerful empire that lasted for several centuries, primarily between the 6th and 9th centuries, before being eventually absorbed by other emerging European powers.

:: Atelensu ::

The Atelensu (or Atelensis) Land, sometimes referred to in historical sources as a part of the territories of the Tudke Magyars, is a term that appears in the context of the early medieval history of the Magyars (the people who would later form the Hungarian Kingdom).

:: Kingdom of the Chazars ::

The Kingdom of the Khazars (Chazars) was a powerful and influential Turkic state that existed between the 7th and 11th centuries, located in the region surrounding the Caspian Sea and Black Sea, roughly in modern-day southern Russia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Ukraine. The Khazar kingdom played a key role in the geopolitics of Eurasia during the early medieval period, interacting with neighboring powers such as the Byzantine Empire, the Arab Caliphates, and the Kievan Rus.

The Khazars were a Turkic people who likely originated in Central Asia, migrating westward as part of the larger Turkic migrations.

:: Alania ::

Alania was a medieval kingdom and the homeland of the Alan people, a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic tribes. They were initially part of the Sarmatians and later the Scythians but gained prominence in the early Middle Ages.

:: Iberia (Georgia) ::

Iberia (not to be confused with the Iberian Peninsula in Europe) refers to the ancient kingdom located in the eastern part of the Caucasus, roughly corresponding to the territory of modern Georgia.

:: Armenia ::

Armenia is one of the oldest nations in the world, with a history dating back over 3,000 years. The Kingdom of Armenia (known as Hayastan in Armenian) was located in the Caucasus, covering parts of modern-day Armenia, Turkey, Iran, and Azerbaijan.

:: Morduines ::

The Morduines, or Mordvins, are an ethnic group historically residing in the Volga region of Russia. They are part of the larger Finno-Ugric peoples and are closely related to other Finno-Ugric groups like the Mari, Udmurts, and Komi.

The Mordvins are primarily divided into two main subgroups: the Erzya and the Moksha. These groups speak distinct dialects of the Mordvin language, which is part of the Uralic language family.

Historically, the Mordvins inhabited regions of what is now Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Saransk, and other parts of the Volga region.

:: Albama ::

The term Albama refers to Albania or Albanian in the ancient sense, which is Caucasian Albania. This was an ancient kingdom located in the Caucasus region, corresponding roughly to modern-day Azerbaijan and parts of Dagestan in Russia.

:: Petcheneges ::

The Petcheneges or Pechenegs (sometimes spelled Patzinaks or Pechnegs) were a Turkic-speaking nomadic people who played a significant role in the history of Eastern Europe and Central Asia during the medieval period. Their rise to prominence occurred in the 9th to 12th centuries, and their influence extended across the Pontic-Caspian steppe, stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea.

:: Bashkirs ::

The Bashkirs are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group primarily found in the Russian Federation, particularly in the Republic of Bashkortostan, located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. They have a long history, and their cultural, linguistic, and social development reflects the complex interplay of Turkic, Mongolic, and Slavic influences over the centuries.

:: White Bulgarians

The term White Bulgarians generally refers to an ancient Slavic-speaking group of people who lived in the region around the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. This group is sometimes associated with the Volga Bulgars, a Turkic-speaking people who founded the Volga Bulgar state around the 7th century AD, and later became part of the wider Bulgars diaspora.

:: Kingdom of the Bulgarians ::

The Kingdom of the Bulgarians, also known as the First Bulgarian Empire, was a significant medieval state that played a pivotal role in the history of Eastern Europe and the Balkans. It was founded in the 7th century and lasted in various forms until the 11th century, after which it was absorbed into the Byzantine Empire.

:: Pruzzi ::

The term Pruzzi (also spelled Pruzzians or Prussians) generally refers to an ancient Baltic ethnic group and their associated territory, known as Prussia, which played a significant role in European history.

The Prussians were a Baltic people, related to the Lithuanians and Latvians. They lived in the region that is now part of modern-day Poland, Lithuania, and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, primarily along the Baltic Sea coast.

The Prussians spoke the Old Prussian language, which was part of the Baltic language family, closely related to Lithuanian and Latvian. Old Prussian is now extinct, but it is considered one of the closest languages to Proto-Baltic.

:: Wends ::

The term Wends (also known as Slavs or Sorbs) is an ancient ethnonym that refers to a group of Slavic-speaking peoples who lived in parts of Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic. Over time, the term "Wends" has been used in various ways, but in the medieval period, it typically referred to several Slavic tribes living in areas that are now part of Germany, specifically in the Eastern Elbe region, including Mecklenburg, Lusatia, and Saxony.

:: Pomore ::

The Pomore or Pomors (literally "People of the Sea") were a group of people who lived along the northern coast of what is now Poland, particularly in the region of Pomerania, which stretches from the Oder River to the Vistula River along the Baltic Sea. The Pomors are ethnically Slavic.

The region of Pomerania (or Pomorze in Polish) was historically a contested area between several powers, including Poland, Germany, and the Kingdom of Denmark. In medieval times, the region was home to both Slavic and German populations, with the Slavic Pomors eventually being assimilated by the Polish state or integrated into the German population due to shifting political boundaries and colonization efforts.

:: Obotrites ::

The Obotrites were a Slavic tribe from the northwestern part of Slavic Europe, in what is now northern Germany and Denmark, particularly in areas along the Baltic Sea. They were part of the larger West Slavic group and were known to have settled in the region of Mecklenburg, near the Elbe River.

The Obotrites were one of several Slavic tribes that played a significant role in the early medieval period, particularly in the context of the Holy Roman Empire and its relations with Slavic peoples. They were one of the Wends tribes that lived in the area around what is now Germany.