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HOME   -   PEOPLE IN HISTORY A-Z   -   RICHARD M. NIXON

 
   


Richard M. Nixon 1913-1994
RICHARD M. NIXON
1913 - 1994

 

Republican, 37th President, "No Crook"


Richard Milhous Nixon became a public figure in 1948. Back then he was a congressman and a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).

The occasion?

The investigation of former State Department official Alger Hiss.

Hiss was accused of spying for the Soviet Union before and during  World War II.

What made Nixon famous was his hardcore stance on the matter. Hiss was eventually found guilty.


In 1950, Nixon became senator for California.


Checkers and the Slush Fund

Nixon's daughter Tricia had a dog named Checkers. Why should we care? On September 18, 1952, the New York Post told the world of Richard Nixon's alleged secret slush fund, filled with money from Californian businessmen.

On September 23, 1952, and in defense, Nixon delivered his nationwide televised Checkers speech, which saved his neck for the time being. And here is a photo of the Nixons with the darn dog.

checkers SHOWING OFF ON A WEEKEND TRIP TO NEW JERSEY - AUGUST 1953
checkers SHOWING OFF ON A WEEKEND TRIP TO NEW JERSEY - AUGUST 1953
Richard Nixon Library


The slush fund affair happened in the middle of Eisenhower's presidential campaign, during which Nixon was his running mate. Eisenhower was never really enthused by Nixon's nomination. The history buffs at the U.S. Senate remember that,

"While Nixon campaigned as an experienced leader, the press asked Eisenhower what policy suggestions Nixon had made that had been implemented. Eisenhower replied, "If you give me a week, I might think of one."


Shortly before Nixon's Checkers speech, Tom Dewey called Nixon and told him that Eisenhower's top advisers thought it would be probably best that he, Nixon, would end his speech with offering his resignation.

When Nixon managed to turn the public around with his Checkers speech, the Eisenhower-Nixon relationship became that of a truce, openly endorsing each other, secretly hoping the other would slip on vomit.


Vice President
From 1953 until 1961, Richard M. Nixon was vice president under  Dwight D. Eisenhower. Ike made sure that none of the important things landed on Dick's desk.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) and Richard M. Nixon after being renominated at the 1956 Republican National Convention in San Francisco
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard M. Nixon
Republican National Convention in San Francisco 1956
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library / U.S. Army


In 1960, the Republicans let Nixon run for president against Democrat
 John F. Kennedy. The American public had to stomach four TV debates.


TV DEBATE JOHN F. KENNEDY / RICHARD m. NIXON
US Presidential Campaign 1960
U.S. Senate.gov

JFK won the election because he was generally conceived a bit spunkier than Nixon. But it was a very close race.

Too close, some thought and claimed that Illinois and Texas votes had possibly been monkeyed with. Nixon was encouraged to challenge the election results but he decided to let it slide.

Check this chart for the exact results:

United States - Presidential Elections and Political Parties 1796 - 1968
United States 1796 - 1968 Elections
Click map to enlarge


The Nixon Presidency
In 1968, Richard M. Nixon ran again and this time he won. Nixon defeated Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey and on January 20, 1969, Nixon delivered his  First Inaugural Address as the 37th president of the United States.

President Nixon's vice president was Spiro T. Agnew, former governor from Maryland.

President Nixon's predecessor was Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson had been JFK's vice president. After JFK's assassination in 1963, he became the 36th president of the U.S.

Check also the Governments in History chart.


Nixon and the Vietnam War

The
Vietnam War had started back in 1954. As President of the United States, it was now Nixon's job to end the war and bring about a "peace with honor," as he had promised during his campaign. The task turned out a bit trickier than anticipated.

At least that was what Americans believed to be true.

The truth had a much uglier face.

In his campaign, Nixon's big rhetoric was that the Democrats were unable to end the war. He argued that the only way to end the Vietnam War was to elect him, Richard Nixon, because he knew how to end the war and would be doing so once in office.

However, on Thursday, October 31, 1968, LBJ aired a televised address to the Nation and announced that peace in Vietnam was at hand.

This was excellent news for the world, but devastating news for Nixon, whose foundation upon which he had built his campaign was falling to pieces.

What to do?

Nixon meddled in diplomatic affairs and ensured that no peace deal would be reached. How did he do it? He instructed fellow Republican Party member Mrs. Chennault (Anna Chen Chennault, née Chen Hsiengmei) to contact the South Vietnamese and convince them that the current deal would not be the best deal they could get. After his election, he would give them a much better deal.

And it worked.

On Saturday, November 2, 1968, the deal was off because the South Vietnamese pulled out of the peace talks.

LBJ knew about Nixons trickery, called it treason, but said nothing because he himself had acquired this intel via illegal wire tapping of the South Vietnamese ambassador by the FBI.

Here is LBJ on the phone with Senator Richard Russell on Saturday, November 2, 1968:

We have found that our friend, the Republican nominee, our California friend, has been playing on the outskirts with our enemies and our friends both, he has been doing it through rather subterranean sources here. And he has been saying to the allies that you're gonna get sold out. You better not give away your liberty just a few hours before I can preserve it for you.

Mrs. Chennault is contacting their ambassador. Now this is not guess work. Mrs. Chennault, she's young and attractive, she's a pretty good looking girl. And she's around town and she is warning them [the South Vietnamese] to not get pulled in on this Johnson move.


This is LBJ on the phone with Senator Dirksen, also on November 2, 1968:

... And they oughtn't to be doing this. This is treason.

I think it would shock America if a principal candidate was playing with a source like this on a matter this important.

 

Nixon had prolonged the war for his own purposes. So, having committed what LBJ called a hanging offence, Nixon entered the 1968 election on Tuesday, November 5th.

He won by less than 1% (43.4%) vs. Hubert Humphrey with 32.7% and George Wallace with 13.5%.

Untrue to his campaign promises, Nixon did not know how to end the war. Instead he expanded the combat zone into Cambodia and Laos. The Vietnam War continued another 5 years, cost another 22,000 American lives and countless Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian lives.

See also BBC's documentary The Lyndon Johnson tapes: Richard Nixon's 'treason'.

Back to 1968.

How did things continue?


On October 15, 1969, antiwar protesters united in the October Moratorium. They demanded the end of the war, but with the quickness.

On November 3, 1969, Nixon televised his The Silent Majority speech, which gave everybody a heads-up on his Vietnam war policy.

On April 30, 1970, Richard Nixon gave his Cambodia address to bring everybody up to speed with the fact that the Vietnam war was now also fought in Cambodia and Laos.

On May 4, 1970, four people were killed in a anti-war demonstration at Kent State University, Ohio, when the Ohio National Guard opened fire on the protesters. This event became known as the Kent State Shootings or the Kent State Massacre. Here is the clip:

 


On January 23, 1973, Nixon announced the end of the Vietnam War. All U.S. troops were withdrawn from Vietnam by March 29, 1973. Actually, the war continued to drag on until North Vietnam won this bloody struggle in 1975.

In the process of the Vietnam peace negotiations, Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.



Nixon and the King
On December 21, 1970, Nixon was shaking Elvis' hand. Elvis was thrilled. Nixon so-so.

Nixon Presley Meeting - December 21, 1970
NIXON-PRESLEY MEETING - DECEMBER 21, 1970
The National Security Archive / George Washington University



ELVIS AND RICHARD AT THE WHITE HOUSE - DECEMBER 21, 1970
ELVIS AND RICHARD AT THE WHITE HOUSE - DECEMBER 21, 1970
The National Security Archive / George Washington University


And here is all about Presley's visit to the White House provided by the National Security Archive.
 


Richard Nixon and SALT
In 1972, Nixon signed SALT I, an agreement with the Soviet Union to limit construction of strategic missiles.



Richard Nixon and Watergate — A Timeline
The break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, the Watergate complex, took place on June 17, 1972, by former employees of the Nixon reelection campaign.

In detail, and incorporated are notes from the FBI Watergate Summary, file number 139-4089:

On June 17, 1972, at approx. 2:30 am, James McCord and four of the Cuban-Americans, Barker, Sturgis, Gonzalez and Martinez, are captured inside the Democratic National Committee Headquarters office by the Washington Metropolitan Police Department.

Found in the possession of these subjects was photographic equipment, burglary tools, electronic equipment and what appeared to the police at that time to be an explosive device. Later, the agents were advised that it was in fact an electronic listening device.

All of the subjects were using aliases at this time and refused to be interviewed and to state for whom they were working and for what purpose they were in the building.


Continuing investigation by WFO agents and the Metropolitan Police Department resulted on June 18, 1972, in the identification of the five arrested subjects and determination that McCord and Barker had CIA ties.


On June 19, 1972, information was received that a room in the Howard Johnson Motel immediately across the street from the Watergate Office complex had been utilized by James McCord and others. Investigation determined that James McCord had rented a room in this motel in the name of McCord Associates. Telephone toll calls made from this room led Bureau agents to the identification of Alfred C. Baldwin III and a determination that he is a former Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Baldwin was identified by personnel of the motel as a person they had seen frequently in the room rented by McCord.


On July 10, 1972, Alfred C. Baldwin III made a statement to Bureau agents and Assistant U.S. Attorneys implicating himself in the monitoring of electronically intercepted telephone conversations on the telephone of Spencer Oliver in the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate Building.

Baldwin indicated he was working directly for James McCord and had also had direct contact with E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy during the course of the electronic interception and break-in at Democratic National Committee Headquarters.

Baldwin indicated that both Hunt and Liddy were on the scene in the immediate vicinity of the break-in on June 17, 1972, but both had escaped detection at that point. Baldwin's statement provided the first direct proof of the involvement of Hunt and Liddy in the Watergate break-in and wiretapping.


On September 15, 1972, a Federal Grand Jury in Washington, D.C., returns a multi-count indictment against the five subjects found inside the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at Watergate and additionally charges E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy with Conspiracy, Interception of Communications and Burglary.


On December 7, 1972, White House secretary Kathleen Chenow confirms the existence of
the Plumbers.


On January 8, 1973, in U.S. District Court, Washington DC, before Chief Judge John Sirica, the trial of the seven indicted Watergate break-in subjects begin.


On January 11, 1973, Senator Sam J. Ervin (D-NC) is picked to head a Senate investigation of Watergate related matters in the Presidential election campaign of 1972.

Also on January 11, 1973, E. Howard Hunt plead guilty to all counts of the indictment charging him with complicity in the Watergate break-in wiretapping matters.


On January 15, 1973, four of the Watergate break-in defendants, Barker, Gonzalez, Martinez and Sturgis, enter guilty pleas to all seven counts of the Watergate break-in indictment.


On January 17, 1973, during the trial of the seven defendants in the Watergate break-in case, the court goes into closed session where Alfred Baldwin testified that he monitored approx. 200 conversations on this wiretap and gave daily logs to James McCord.


On January 20, 1973, Nixon delivered his
Second Inaugural Address.


On January 30, 1973, in the Federal trial of the remaining Watergate break-in defendants, James McCord and G. Gordon Liddy, the jury returns a guilty verdict on all counts.


On February 7, 1973, the United States Senate votes to establish a select committee for the investigation of the Presidential election campaign of 1972. The committee is to be composed of four Democrats and three Republicans.


On April 27, 1973, L. Patrick Gray resigns as Acting Director of the FBI. There have been previous newspaper accounts indication that Mr. Gray had received certain documents from the White House safe of E. Howard Hunt directly from John Dean and that he had withheld these files and later destroyed them.

Also, on April 27, 1973, William D. Ruckelshaus is appointed by President Nixon as Acting Director of the FBI to replace Mr. Gray. Mr. Ruckelshaus states that he does not expect to be in this position longer than two months.


On April 30, 1973, Nixon fired his adviser John W. Dean, who had previously sung like a canary on the laps of federal investigators. It turned out that Dean could sing even better after losing his job.

Also on April 30, 1973, Nixon accepted the resignations of his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, his assistant for domestic affairs, John D. Ehrlichman, and his attorney general Richard G. Kleindienst.

Still on April 30, 1973, at 9 pm, Nixon gave his First Watergate Address, which became also known as the No Whitewash at the White House speech. It was broadcast nationwide via TV and radio.

Nixon used his dramatic voice, especially during the final minutes of this speech. This speech could make you feel guilty about having bothered the president with the Watergate affair at all, when he has so much more important things to do.

"Since March, when I first learned that the Watergate affair might in fact be far more serious than I had been led to believe, it has claimed far too much of my time and my attention."



On June 25, 1973, John Dean, former White House Counsel, testified concerning his role in the cover up of the Watergate investigation and the role of several other administration officials.

Dean indicated that the President was aware of the cover up as early as September 1972.


July 16, 1973, Alexander P. Butterfield, Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration and a former White House Aide, advised the Senate Watergate Committee that all of President Nixon's conversations in the White House and Executive Office Building were recorded beginning in the Spring of 1971 by concealed microphones and telephone bugs.

Butterfield stated that the listening devices were installed under President Nixon's authority for "posterity's sake".


On August 15, 1973, Nixon gave his Second Watergate Address.

"I had no prior knowledge of the Watergate break-in. I neither took part in nor knew about any of the subsequent cover-up activities. I neither authorized nor encouraged subordinates to engage in illegal or improper campaign tactics. That was and that is the simple truth."

And one more:

"I reject the cynical view that politics is inevitably or even usually a dirty business."



The air got thinner by the minute, and it became increasingly difficult to breathe, especially in high places.
Vice President Agnew resigned on October 10, 1973. Nixon's new vice was  Gerald R. Ford.


On October 20, 1973, the White House announced that President Nixon had ordered Attorney General Elliott L. Richardson to dismiss Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox; that Richardson had resigned rather than comply with that order and that Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus, who had also refused the Presidents order, had been fired.

The White House stated that Solicitor General Robert H. Bork had become the Acting Attorney General and had dismissed Special Prosecutor Cox and dissolved the Office of the Special Prosecutor.


On November 17, 1973, Nixon pointed out that,

"I welcome this kind of examination because people have got to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook."

Fittingly, this event took place at Disney World, Orlando, Florida.

Go here for the entire I'm Not a Crook speech, which is not really a speech but rather a Q & A session with 400 Associated Press managing editors.


On November 21, 1973, White House Special Counsel J. Fred Buzhardt advised U.S. District Judge John Sirica that an eighteen and one-half minute section of a White House tape recorded on June 20, 1972, of conversations between President Nixon and his former Chief of Staff, H.R. Haldeman, was blank and contained no audible tones.

Judge Sirica ordered the White House to turn the remaining portion of that tape and others that had been subpoenaed over the court by November 26, 1973.


On December 20, 1973, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Peter W. Rodino (D-NJ), announced the selection of John M. Dear, former Assistant Attorney General in the Administration of President Kennedy as Special Counsel to the House Judiciary Committee for the purpose of conducting an inquiry into possible impeachment grounds against President Nixon.


On February 6, 1974, the House of Representatives, U.S. Congress, votes approval for the House Judiciary Committee to conduct an impeachment investigation and grant powers of subpoena and funds for this inquiry.


On March 1, 1974, a Federal Grand Jury in Washington, D.C., indicted seven former officials of the White House or the President's Re-Election Committee for conspiring to impede the investigations of the Watergate break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters.

The seven indicted include former Attorney General John Mitchell, former Presidential Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, former Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs John D. Ehrlichman, former Special Counsel to the President Charles W. Colson, former Assistant Attorney General Robert C. Mardian, former attorney for the Committee to Re-Elect the President Kenneth W. Parkinson, and former Assistant to H.R. Haldeman at the White House Gordon Strachan.


According to
Herblock's History, on April 3, 1974, the White House announced that Nixon would pay $432,787.13 in back taxes plus interest after an investigation by the Internal Revenue Service and a congressional committee.

Among Nixon's benefits to himself were improvements in his properties, supposedly necessary for his protection. These included a security ice maker, a security swimming pool heater, security club chairs and table lamps, security sofa and security pillows.


On April 30, 1974, President Nixon transmits to the House Judiciary Committee and releases to the public 1,308 pages of edited transcripts from recordings taken in the White House relating to Watergate matters.

The President states that these transcripts will answer all inquiries regarding his activities in relation to the Watergate matter and will provide the public and the House Judiciary Committee with the answer to the basic question at issue, "Whether the President personally acted improperly in the Watergate matter?"


Richard Nixon made history by becoming the first US president who quit his job.

On August 8, 1974, Nixon broadcasted his Resignation Speech, also known as the I Have Never Been a Quitter Speech, to the American Nation. His resignation would be in effect the next day at noon.

On August 9, 1974, Nixon assembled his staff in the East Room of the White House and gave his Farewell Speech, after which he packed his bundle, boarded a helicopter, and was gone by noon as promised.


Nixon got off lightly when the 38th president,
Gerald R. Ford, pardoned him. Here is the Pardon Speech.

And here are more details on the Watergate Scandal.
 


Assassination Attempts on Richard Nixon

February 22, 1974, Baltimore, Maryland - An excerpt from the must-read book for bodyguards Just 2 Seconds by Gavin de Becker,

Samuel Byck shot his way onto a Delta jet at the Baltimore-Washington Airport. He intended to hijack the plane, force the pilots to take off, and then crash the plane into the White House to kill Nixon.

He killed a security guard and the crew, before police shot and wounded him. He then killed himself. He was armed with a .22 revolver and a gasoline bomb in a briefcase.


Check out Assassinations in History.



Richard Nixon's Family
Richard's father was Francis Anthony Nixon. Richard's mother was Hannah Milhous Nixon. The couple had five children. Richard was child number two.

Richard's brothers were Harold Samuel Nixon, Francis Donald Nixon, Arthur Burdg Nixon, and Edward Calvert Nixon.

In 1940, Richard married Thelma Catherine Ryan. They called her Pat because she was born on St Patrick's Day. Pat taught business classes at Whittier High School. The two met at the local amateur theater group. Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993, of lung cancer.

Pat and Richard had two daughters. Tricia Nixon was born in 1946 and Julie Nixon in 1948. Julie later married Dwight D. Eisenhower's grandson. And here is the group photo:

The Nixons - David and Julie Eisenhower, President and Mrs. Nixon, Tricia and Ed Cox
THE NIXONS: David & Julie Eisenhower, President & Mrs. Nixon, Tricia & Ed Cox
If you look closely, you can see Washington shedding a tear.

Nixon Presidential Library and Museum



What's New About Nixon?

March 23, 2007

Nixon ordered to bomb targets that officially were off-limits. Read the
article in The New Yorker...

May 31, 2007
The National Archives and Records Administration has announced the impending release of an additional 11 hours and 30 minutes of Nixon White House tape recordings. The tapes in question were recorded in 1972.

September 13, 2008
Nixon interview published where he comments on the execution of the Rosenbergs in 1953.
Read the NY Times article.

Here is the National Security Archive's article on the release of the Rosenberg files.

And here is more about the Red Scare.
 

Richard M. Nixon - 1969
Richard M. Nixon - 1969
U.S. Department of Defense



 

Richard M. Nixon's Short Biography

 

 

 

January 9, 1913

 

Birth in Yorba Linda, California

     
September 1930 - 1934   Whittier College, California
     
May 1934 - June 1937   Duke University Law School in Durham, North Carolina
     
    Returns to Whittier and joins the law firm Wingert and Bewley
     
June 21, 1940   Marries Pat
     
January 1942   The Nixons move to Washington DC, Richard joins the Office of Price Administration.
     
August 17, 1942 - 1946   In the Navy... Gets assigned to Ottumwa in Iowa, the island of New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, and Green Island
     
February 21, 1946   Birth of first child, daughter Patricia (Tricia)
     
November 6, 1946   Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives
     
July 5, 1948   Birth of second child, daughter Julie
     
1948   Re-elected as congressman
     
1950   Elected senator, defeats Democratic candidate Helen Gahagan Douglas
     
1953 - 1961   Vice president under President  Dwight D. Eisenhower
     
1960   Runs unsuccessfully for presidency, loses to  John F. Kennedy, temporary retirement in California
     
1962   Runs unsuccessfully for governor of California, loses to Edmund G. Brown.
     
1963   Moves to New York City, works as a lawyer
     
1968   Elected president
     
1969 - 1974   37th president of the United States
     
June 1972  

Break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC, discovered. Watergate Scandal develops.

     
January 1973  

Signs Paris peace accords ending American involvement in the  Vietnam War

     
June 1973  

Two summit meetings with  Leonid Brezhnev in Washington

     
October 10, 1973  

Vice President  Spiro Agnew resigns

     
June and July 1974  

Meetings with  Leonid Brezhnev in Moscow

     
August 9, 1974  

Resigns presidency, Vice President Gerald R. Ford becomes the new president, Nixon and his wife return to their home in San Clemente, California

     
September 8, 1974  

Ford pardons Nixon for "all offenses against the United States" which Nixon "has committed or may have committed or taken part in" during his presidency.

     
1980  

The Nixons move to New York City

     
1981  

The Nixons move to northern Bergen County, New Jersey

     
1986  

Private citizen Nixon meets with  Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, reports back to President  Ronald Reagan

     
April 22, 1994  

Death in New York, NY (stroke)

 

Richard Nixon's Writings
Richard Nixon wrote quite a few books, among them the bestseller, Six Crises (1961), and RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (1978).

 

What Else?
Let Nixon have the final note. For old time's sake and for the Dick that we will miss.

 

 

 

See also the American Timeline.

 

 

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